We just write ping and Windows does the rest of the job.
Some executables are known to Windows by default.
These paths are configured using Windows system and user variables.

an environment the operating system provides the user to execute or perform various operations.
System Environment variables are those defined by system and are globally used by all users.
So these were some of the environment variables that store these commands and which are used commonly.

Windows system variables and user environment variables
you’re free to even create some system variables if you are the admin of the system.
User Environment variables
User variables are only used by the user who declared that variable.
Users can create variables of their choice and insert in it the values that they desire.

Do User Variables Override System Variables?
User variables override the system Variables even if the variables are named the same.
In fact, it appends with the system PATH variable.

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source: www.itechtics.com